Tactics of host manipulation by intracellular effectors from plant pathogenic fungi

Fungal pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors, some which are known to promote host susceptibility. This biological complexity, together with the lack genetic tools in fungi, presents a substantial challenge develop broad picture mechanisms these use for manipulation. Nevertheless, recent advances understanding individual effector functions beginning flesh out our view fungal pathogenesis. review discusses latest findings that illustrate how effectors from diverse species similar strategies modulate plant physiology their advantage. We also summarize breakthroughs identification challenging systems, like obligate biotrophs, and emerging concepts such as ‘iceberg model’ explain activation immunity be turned off by suppressive activity.